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Comprehensive guide to Kirschner wire (K-wire) principles in orthopaedic surgery covering wire properties and sizes, biomechanical principles of fixation, insertion techniques, clinical applications by region, tension band wiring principle,...
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Classically 24–72 h after long‑bone/pelvic fractures or IM reaming; triad: hypoxemia, neurological signs, petechiae. Diagnosis is clinical; supported by Gurd’s criteria (...
Heterotopic ossification in muscle after trauma or neurological injury. Common sites: quadriceps, brachialis, adductors. Symptoms: painful swelling → hard mass, ↓ROM. Rad...
Absolute CP >30 mmHg indicates fasciotomy. ΔP = DBP – CP; if <30 mmHg, fasciotomy indicated. Interpret with clinical signs.
Tension‑stress effect: gradual distraction (≈1 mm/day in 4 steps) after corticotomy induces regenerate bone and soft‑tissue adaptation. Circular fixator with tensioned wi...
Types: uniplanar, biplanar, circular. Biomechanics: stiffness ↑ with larger pins, more pins, wider spread, closer frame. Indications: open fractures, polytrauma, infected...
Types: hypovolemic (hemorrhagic), distributive (septic, neurogenic), cardiogenic, obstructive. Initial approach: ATLS (Airway with C‑spine, Breathing, Circulation, Disabi...
Standard: cefazolin within 60 min before incision (2 g; 3 g if >120 kg). Add vancomycin if MRSA colonized/high prevalence or severe β‑lactam allergy; start 120 min pre‑in...
Risk high in hip/knee arthroplasty, hip fracture surgery, pelvic/acetabular trauma, prolonged immobility. Options: LMWH, DOACs (apixaban/rivaroxaban), aspirin (selected l...
Phases: inflammatory (days 1–7), proliferative (days 3–21), remodeling (weeks–months). Intrinsic (tenocyte) vs extrinsic (synovial/paratenon) healing; adhesion formation...
Stage before biopsy: define lesion (X‑ray/MRI) and search for primaries (CT CAP, bone scan/PET). Adult common cause is metastasis (BLT KP) or myeloma; in children, benign...
Metals: stainless steel (316L), cobalt‑chrome, titanium alloys; differences in modulus, corrosion resistance, MRI artifacts. Polymers: UHMWPE (arthroplasty bearings), PMM...
Autograft is gold standard: osteogenic + osteoinductive + osteoconductive (iliac crest). Allograft provides scaffold (osteoconductive) ± growth factors; immune & disease...
