Wiltse etiologic types: I dysplastic, II isthmic (IIA lytic, IIB elongated pars, IIC acute pars), III degenerative, IV traumatic (other than pars), V...
Causes: congenital anomalies (Down syndrome), os odontoideum, trauma, and rheumatoid arthritis with transverse ligament incompetence. Measure atlantod...
Degenerative stenosis from disc bulge, facet arthrosis, and ligamentum flavum hypertrophy causes neurogenic claudication. MRI confirms stenosis; corre...
Assess stability and neurology with TLICS; Load Sharing Classification (McCormack) predicts need for anterior support. High load‑sharing score (≥7) →...
First-line treatment is ATT with rest and bracing per Tuli’s 'middle path'. Surgical indications: neurological deficit not improving, instability/defo...
Cobb angle measures curve magnitude; progression risk relates to age, Risser stage, menarchal status, and curve size. Bracing indicated for skeletally...
CSM is progressive spinal cord dysfunction due to degenerative stenosis (disc osteophyte complex, ligamentum flavum hypertrophy, OPLL). Symptoms: hand...
Pyogenic: acute pain, fever, rapid neuro deficit; disc involvement early. TB: insidious course, night sweats, cold abscess, vertebral collapse, gibbus...
Lenke classification guides fusion levels using curve type, lumbar modifier, and sagittal modifier. Bracing is effective in skeletally immature (Risse...
Scheuermann disease: rigid structural kyphosis with ≥3 adjacent vertebrae wedged ≥5° and Schmorl nodes. Post‑TB kyphosis is angular with short apex, o...
