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Tendon-to-bone fixation is the process of securely attaching a tendon or ligament graft to bone using devices such as bone tunnels, suture anchors, interference screws, cortical buttons, and suspensory fixation systems until biological heal...
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Rockwood I–VI classification based on AC/CC ligament disruption and clavicle displacement. I–II: non-op (sling, rehab). III: controversial; IV–VI: surgery. Surgical optio...
Pediatric equivalent of ACL tear — bony avulsion of tibial eminence. Meyers–McKeever Types I–III (and IV comminuted) guide management. Type I: cast in extension; II–III/I...
Red‑red (peripheral) zone heals best; red‑white intermediate; white‑white avascular. Vertical longitudinal (bucket handle) tears in young → repair; complex/degenerative t...
High‑energy axial load injures distal tibial plafond with severe soft‑tissue compromise. Standard of care is staged protocol: **span → scan → settle → ORIF**. Restore len...
Tarsal navicular: body, tuberosity, and stress fractures; critical for medial column length and talonavicular congruity. Cuboid: 'nutcracker' fracture from forefoot abduc...
1st metatarsal fractures affect medial column; greater functional impact. 5th metatarsal: distinguish avulsion (zone 1), Jones (zone 2), and diaphyseal stress (zone 3). M...
Maisonneuve injury = proximal fibular fracture + syndesmotic disruption + medial injury (deltoid/medial malleolus). Mechanism: external rotation with pronation. Examine e...
Functional elbow arc ≈ 30–130° flexion and 50°/50° pronation–supination (Morrey). Common causes: trauma, HO, prolonged immobilization, intra‑articular fracture, infection...
TFCC stabilizes the distal radioulnar joint and dissipates ulnar‑sided load. Palpable 'fovea sign', ulnar grind, and DRUJ shift test support diagnosis. MRI useful; wrist...
Physis has zonal architecture; hypertrophic zone is weakest and fails in most injuries. Salter–Harris I–V (Slip, Above, Lower, Through, Rammed) with Ogden’s extension (VI...
Lewis–Rorabeck and Su classifications guide treatment; stability of the femoral component is the key decision point. Stable TKA → fixation (locking plate or retrograde na...
Supraspinatus most commonly torn; tears progress from partial to full‑thickness and can propagate posteriorly/anteriorly. Painful arc, night pain, and weakness on specifi...
