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Orthopaedic deformities may result from abnormalities of bone, joints, growth plates, muscles, tendons, ligaments or nerves and can be angular, rotational, translational or length-related. Common deformities include cubitus varus and valgus...
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High medial longitudinal arch with hindfoot varus and forefoot equinus/abduction. Etiology: neuromuscular disorders (CMT disease most common), trauma, idiopathic. Clinica...
Achilles tendon is most frequently injured tendon; common in athletes and middle-aged weekend warriors. Tendinopathy: degenerative process due to overuse, poor vascularit...
Degenerative fasciosis (not true 'itis') of the plantar fascia origin at the medial calcaneal tubercle due to repetitive micro‑trauma. Classic history: sharp 'first‑step'...
Degenerative osteoarthritis of the 1st MTP joint causing dorsal osteophytes, stiffness, and pain—especially with push‑off. Coughlin–Shurnas clinical–radiographic grading...
Limb salvage is preferred over amputation when margins can be obtained and function preserved. Endoprostheses replace resected bone segment, especially around knee and pr...
Bone allografts used for structural reconstruction after tumor resection. Sources: cadaveric donors; stored in bone banks (fresh-frozen, freeze-dried). Indications: inter...
Most common cause of adult acquired flatfoot; due to PTT degeneration/rupture. Stages I–IV (Johnson & Strom classification). Clinical: medial ankle pain, progressive coll...
High-grade soft tissue sarcoma, often near large joints of extremities (knee, ankle). Affects adolescents and young adults (15–40 years). Histology: biphasic (epithelial...
Benign proliferative synovial lesion; localized or diffuse type. Common in knee (80%) and hip; presents with pain, swelling, recurrent effusion. MRI: low-signal intensity...
Lodwick classification describes patterns of bone destruction on radiographs. Type I: geographic (IA sclerotic rim, IB sharp margin, IC ill-defined). Type II: moth-eaten...
Caused by recurrent hemarthrosis in hemophilia A/B leading to synovitis, cartilage loss, and arthritis. Target joints: knee, ankle, elbow—recurrent bleeds produce synovia...
Pyogenic: acute pain, fever, rapid neuro deficit; disc involvement early. TB: insidious course, night sweats, cold abscess, vertebral collapse, gibbus deformity. MRI: pyo...
