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Comprehensive guide to floating joint injuries covering floating knee (Fraser classification, ipsilateral femur and tibia fractures), floating elbow (ipsilateral humerus and forearm fractures in children), and floating shoulder (ipsilateral...
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A: total incongruity; B1: medial partial; B2: lateral partial; C1: divergent partial; C2: divergent complete. Any >2 mm displacement typically requires surgical fixation/...
Zone I: tuberosity avulsion (pseudo-Jones) — usually heals conservatively. Zone II: Jones fracture at metaphyseal–diaphyseal junction — watershed area, higher nonunion →...
A: stable (posterior arch intact). B: rotationally unstable, vertically stable (open-book APC or LC injuries). C: rotationally + vertically unstable (complete posterior d...
Transverse, comminuted (stellate), polar avulsion, vertical; AO: 34-A extra-articular pole, 34-C transverse/comminuted. Displacement/extensor disruption → ORIF; minimal d...
AO: 42-A simple, 42-B wedge, 42-C complex/segmental. Closed soft tissues graded by Oestern–Tscherne; open injuries by Gustilo (I–IIIC). Guides fixation strategy and antib...
A: infra-syndesmotic; B: at syndesmosis; C: supra-syndesmotic (Maisonneuve possible). Instability rises from A→C; C requires ORIF with syndesmotic fixation.
SA (supination-adduction): lat avulsion → vertical medial fx. SER (supination-external rotation): ATFL → fibula at level → posterior → medial (most common). PA (pronation...
33-A: extra-articular; 33-B: partial articular (e.g., Hoffa = B3); 33-C: complete articular. Articular types require anatomic joint reduction; fixation usually with locki...
I split lateral; II split+depression; III pure depression; IV medial; V bicondylar; VI metaphyseal-diaphyseal dissociation. Severity ↑ from I→VI; medial/bicondylar often...
41-A extra-articular; 41-B partial articular; 41-C complete articular. Complements/updates Schatzker with alphanumeric consistency across regions.
Type I: 50° (most vertical → highest shear). Higher angle = higher shear → instability, nonunion risk; stronger fixation needed.
Stable: intact posteromedial buttress; Unstable: posteromedial comminution, reverse obliquity, subtrochanteric extension. Stable → DHS; Unstable → cephalomedullary nail/f...
