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Comprehensive guide to Kirschner wire (K-wire) principles in orthopaedic surgery covering wire properties and sizes, biomechanical principles of fixation, insertion techniques, clinical applications by region, tension band wiring principle,...
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Score based on skeletal/soft tissue injury, ischemia, shock, age. Ischemia >6 h doubles points. MESS ≥7 → amputation likely. Adjunct tool; not absolute.
Common alloys: 316L stainless, cobalt‑chrome, titanium (Ti‑6Al‑4V). Corrosion mechanisms: fretting at modular junctions, crevice under plates, galvanic with dissimilar me...
Definition (WHO): low bone mass with microarchitectural deterioration → fragility fractures; T‑score ≤ −2.5 on DEXA. Common sites: vertebral compression, hip (femoral nec...
Focal disorder of accelerated bone turnover: osteoclastic resorption followed by disorganized osteoblastic formation → enlarged, weak, vascular bone. Common sites: pelvis...
SSI prevention bundle: preop optimization (glucose, smoking cessation), skin prep with alcohol‑chlorhexidine, timed antibiotic prophylaxis, normothermia, OR traffic contr...
Seddon: neuropraxia, axonotmesis, neurotmesis; Sunderland expands to 5 degrees based on structural disruption. Degree I: conduction block; II: axonal disruption intact en...
Zones: reserve (resting), proliferative, hypertrophic (maturation, degeneration, provisional calcification). Regulation: Ihh/PTHrP feedback loop, GH/IGF‑1 axis, local fac...
Phases: inflammation → soft callus (cartilage) → hard callus (woven bone) → remodeling (lamellar). Primary (direct) vs secondary (indirect) healing; absolute vs relative...
Buckle/Torus: Compression failure of cortex (metaphyseal) — stable; treat with short immobilization/splint. Plastic Bowing: Microfracture without discrete break; persiste...
Physeal separation of medial clavicle mimics SCJ dislocation — the physis is weaker than ligaments in children. Posterior displacement threatens mediastinal structures —...
Three arches: medial & lateral longitudinal, and transverse (anterior/posterior). Keystone bones: talus (medial longitudinal), cuboid (lateral), intermediate cuneiform (t...
Origin: supraspinous fossa; insertion: superior facet of greater tuberosity; innervation: suprascapular nerve (C5–6). Action: initiates abduction, contributes to humeral...
