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Tendon-to-bone fixation is the process of securely attaching a tendon or ligament graft to bone using devices such as bone tunnels, suture anchors, interference screws, cortical buttons, and suspensory fixation systems until biological heal...
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Non-invasive traction in children. Types: Gallows (
AFO: ankle-foot support in drop foot, CP, polio. KAFO: supports knee in quadriceps paralysis, SCI. Types: rigid, hinged, leaf-spring (AFO); locked, drop lock, offset (KAF...
Malunion = fracture healing in unacceptable position (angulation, rotation, shortening, translation). Nonunion = failure of fracture to heal in expected time (9 months wi...
Raised intracompartmental pressure → ischemia/necrosis. Causes: tibia/forearm fractures, crush injury, reperfusion, tight casts. Early signs: pain out of proportion, pain...
CT: excellent for cortical bone, 3D recon. MRI: excellent for marrow, soft tissue, ligaments, cartilage. CT indications: complex fractures (pelvis, acetabulum, calcaneus)...
Bone scan = radionuclide (Tc-99m MDP) uptake proportional to osteoblastic activity. Highly sensitive for metastasis, stress fractures, infection, AVN. PET (FDG-PET): meas...
ETC: definitive fixation within 24 h for stable patients. DCO: temporary stabilization in unstable patients; definitive fixation after stabilization. Second hit phenomeno...
Score based on skeletal/soft tissue injury, ischemia, shock, age. Ischemia >6 h doubles points. MESS ≥7 → amputation likely. Adjunct tool; not absolute.
Common alloys: 316L stainless, cobalt‑chrome, titanium (Ti‑6Al‑4V). Corrosion mechanisms: fretting at modular junctions, crevice under plates, galvanic with dissimilar me...
Definition (WHO): low bone mass with microarchitectural deterioration → fragility fractures; T‑score ≤ −2.5 on DEXA. Common sites: vertebral compression, hip (femoral nec...
Focal disorder of accelerated bone turnover: osteoclastic resorption followed by disorganized osteoblastic formation → enlarged, weak, vascular bone. Common sites: pelvis...
SSI prevention bundle: preop optimization (glucose, smoking cessation), skin prep with alcohol‑chlorhexidine, timed antibiotic prophylaxis, normothermia, OR traffic contr...
