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Comprehensive guide to Kirschner wire (K-wire) principles in orthopaedic surgery covering wire properties and sizes, biomechanical principles of fixation, insertion techniques, clinical applications by region, tension band wiring principle,...
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Viable (hypertrophic/oligotrophic) vs non‑viable (atrophic, necrotic, defect, comminuted). Radiographic callus indicates biology; absence suggests poor biology. Guides tr...
ATLS: binder early for unstable pelvis; hemorrhage control is priority. Tile A stable, B rotationally unstable, C rot + vertical unstable. Hemorrhage control: binder, ex-...
Garden I–II = non-displaced, III–IV = displaced. Pauwels I 50° vertical shear. Young = urgent reduction + fixation (CS/DHS). Elderly = arthroplasty if displaced. Complica...
Indications: femoral shaft fractures, temporary stabilization. Provides traction + splintage. Structure: proximal ring, side bars, distal crossbar. Complications: sores,...
Used for tibia/femur fractures with traction. Has pulleys, slings; allows elevation and adjustment. Complications: sores, stiffness, peroneal palsy.
Non-invasive traction in children. Types: Gallows (
AFO: ankle-foot support in drop foot, CP, polio. KAFO: supports knee in quadriceps paralysis, SCI. Types: rigid, hinged, leaf-spring (AFO); locked, drop lock, offset (KAF...
Malunion = fracture healing in unacceptable position (angulation, rotation, shortening, translation). Nonunion = failure of fracture to heal in expected time (9 months wi...
Raised intracompartmental pressure → ischemia/necrosis. Causes: tibia/forearm fractures, crush injury, reperfusion, tight casts. Early signs: pain out of proportion, pain...
CT: excellent for cortical bone, 3D recon. MRI: excellent for marrow, soft tissue, ligaments, cartilage. CT indications: complex fractures (pelvis, acetabulum, calcaneus)...
Bone scan = radionuclide (Tc-99m MDP) uptake proportional to osteoblastic activity. Highly sensitive for metastasis, stress fractures, infection, AVN. PET (FDG-PET): meas...
ETC: definitive fixation within 24 h for stable patients. DCO: temporary stabilization in unstable patients; definitive fixation after stabilization. Second hit phenomeno...
