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Tendon-to-bone fixation is the process of securely attaching a tendon or ligament graft to bone using devices such as bone tunnels, suture anchors, interference screws, cortical buttons, and suspensory fixation systems until biological heal...
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O’Brien Angulation: I (60°). Displacement/translation also matters; >3 mm or severe angulation predicts need for reduction/fixation. Metaizeau (elastic stable intramedull...
Type I: Transepiphyseal (with/without dislocation) — highest AVN risk. Type II: Transcervical (through the neck). Type III: Cervicotrochanteric (basicervical). Type IV: I...
Type I: Minimally displaced avulsion. Type II: Hinge of posterior fibers intact (anterior lift) — may reduce closed; fixation if interposed tissue. Type III: Completely d...
Grade 0: minimal; 1: superficial abrasions/contusions; 2: deep contaminated abrasions, muscle contusion; 3: extensive crush, compartment risk. Higher grades predict compl...
Posterior elbow dislocation + radial head fracture + coronoid tip fracture. Requires concentric reduction, radial head fixation/replacement, coronoid/LCCL repair.
Medial hinge disruption >2 mm, anatomic neck fracture, head-splitting → high AVN risk. Assists decision towards arthroplasty in ischemic patterns.
Type I: Through physis only (slip) — good prognosis; often in younger children. Type II: Through physis and metaphysis (Thurston–Holland fragment) — most common; good pro...
Morphology (compression 1, burst 2, translation/rotation 3, distraction 4), Posterior ligamentous complex integrity (intact 0, indeterminate 2, disrupted 3), Neurologic s...
I: 10 cm/high-energy or extensive damage. IIIa: adequate coverage; IIIb: periosteal stripping, needs flap; IIIc: arterial injury requiring repair. Higher grade → higher i...
Compression: anterior column only — usually stable. Burst: anterior + middle columns — unstable, canal compromise risk. Flexion-distraction (Chance): posterior tension fa...
Type A (compression): A1 wedge, A2 split, A3 incomplete burst, A4 complete burst. Type B (tension band): B1 posterior through bone/ligament, B2 posterior + anterior, B3 a...
Type I: tip avulsion (rare, stable). Type II: base of dens (common, unstable, high nonunion). Type III: into C2 body (better healing).
