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Comprehensive guide to knee arthroscopy covering indications, patient positioning, standard and accessory portals with anatomical landmarks, the 10-point systematic diagnostic examination, operative steps for meniscal surgery, ACL reconstru...
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Stable: intact posteromedial buttress; Unstable: posteromedial comminution, reverse obliquity, subtrochanteric extension. Stable → DHS; Unstable → cephalomedullary nail/f...
Types I–V: nondisplaced to highly comminuted/segmental by number/configuration of fragments. Most require IM nailing; higher types have longer healing and alignment chall...
I: inferior to fovea (non–weight-bearing); II: superior to fovea (weight-bearing). III: I/II with femoral neck fracture; IV: I/II with acetabular fracture. II–IV worse pr...
0: none; I: small butterfly; II: larger butterfly with ≥50% cortical contact. III:
Types I–VIII: extra- vs intra-articular, DRUJ involvement, and ulnar styloid fracture. Intra-articular (III–VIII) have higher arthritis risk; often require ORIF.
A: acute stable (A1 tubercle, A2 nondisplaced waist). B: acute unstable (B1 distal oblique, B2 displaced waist, B3 proximal pole, B4 comminuted, B5 perilunate). C: delaye...
I: incomplete/valgus impacted; II: complete, nondisplaced. III: complete, partially displaced (varus); IV: complete, fully displaced. I–II stable → fixation; III–IV unsta...
Radial head and neck fractures are common elbow injuries caused most often by a fall on an outstretched hand that transmits axial force through the forearm to the elbow....
Type I: nondisplaced (A noncomminuted / B comminuted). Type II: displaced but stable (A/B). Type III: displaced and unstable (A/B). Type I conservative; II–III usually re...
I: tip avulsion; II: 50% height. II–III indicate elbow instability, commonly part of terrible triad → fixation required.
I: anterior radial head dislocation (ulna angulated anterior). II: posterior; III: lateral; IV: both bones fractured with radial head dislocation. ORIF ulna restores radi...
Distal radial shaft fracture with distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) disruption. Unstable pattern: ORIF radius and stabilize DRUJ.
