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Tendon-to-bone fixation is the process of securely attaching a tendon or ligament graft to bone using devices such as bone tunnels, suture anchors, interference screws, cortical buttons, and suspensory fixation systems until biological heal...
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Types: hypovolemic (hemorrhagic), distributive (septic, neurogenic), cardiogenic, obstructive. Initial approach: ATLS (Airway with C‑spine, Breathing, Circulation, Disabi...
Standard: cefazolin within 60 min before incision (2 g; 3 g if >120 kg). Add vancomycin if MRSA colonized/high prevalence or severe β‑lactam allergy; start 120 min pre‑in...
Risk high in hip/knee arthroplasty, hip fracture surgery, pelvic/acetabular trauma, prolonged immobility. Options: LMWH, DOACs (apixaban/rivaroxaban), aspirin (selected l...
Phases: inflammatory (days 1–7), proliferative (days 3–21), remodeling (weeks–months). Intrinsic (tenocyte) vs extrinsic (synovial/paratenon) healing; adhesion formation...
Stage before biopsy: define lesion (X‑ray/MRI) and search for primaries (CT CAP, bone scan/PET). Adult common cause is metastasis (BLT KP) or myeloma; in children, benign...
Metals: stainless steel (316L), cobalt‑chrome, titanium alloys; differences in modulus, corrosion resistance, MRI artifacts. Polymers: UHMWPE (arthroplasty bearings), PMM...
Autograft is gold standard: osteogenic + osteoinductive + osteoconductive (iliac crest). Allograft provides scaffold (osteoconductive) ± growth factors; immune & disease...
Defective mineralization: osteoid in adults (osteomalacia) vs physis in children (rickets). Etiologies: Vit D deficiency/resistance, phosphate deficiency (tumor‑induced,...
Excess PTH causes cortical bone loss via RANKL-mediated osteoclast activation; classic radiology: subperiosteal resorption, salt‑and‑pepper skull, brown tumors. Primary (...
Brachial plexus consists of Roots (C5–T1), Trunks (upper, middle, lower), Divisions (each trunk splits into anterior/posterior), Cords (lateral, posterior, medial), and t...
Load sharing vs load bearing; absolute vs relative stability; primary vs secondary healing. Plates: compression (DCP/LCP in compression) vs bridging (relative stability);...
