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Tendon-to-bone fixation is the process of securely attaching a tendon or ligament graft to bone using devices such as bone tunnels, suture anchors, interference screws, cortical buttons, and suspensory fixation systems until biological heal...
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Degenerative osteoarthritis of the 1st MTP joint causing dorsal osteophytes, stiffness, and pain—especially with push‑off. Coughlin–Shurnas clinical–radiographic grading...
Limb salvage is preferred over amputation when margins can be obtained and function preserved. Endoprostheses replace resected bone segment, especially around knee and pr...
Bone allografts used for structural reconstruction after tumor resection. Sources: cadaveric donors; stored in bone banks (fresh-frozen, freeze-dried). Indications: inter...
Most common cause of adult acquired flatfoot; due to PTT degeneration/rupture. Stages I–IV (Johnson & Strom classification). Clinical: medial ankle pain, progressive coll...
High-grade soft tissue sarcoma, often near large joints of extremities (knee, ankle). Affects adolescents and young adults (15–40 years). Histology: biphasic (epithelial...
Benign proliferative synovial lesion; localized or diffuse type. Common in knee (80%) and hip; presents with pain, swelling, recurrent effusion. MRI: low-signal intensity...
Lodwick classification describes patterns of bone destruction on radiographs. Type I: geographic (IA sclerotic rim, IB sharp margin, IC ill-defined). Type II: moth-eaten...
Caused by recurrent hemarthrosis in hemophilia A/B leading to synovitis, cartilage loss, and arthritis. Target joints: knee, ankle, elbow—recurrent bleeds produce synovia...
Pyogenic: acute pain, fever, rapid neuro deficit; disc involvement early. TB: insidious course, night sweats, cold abscess, vertebral collapse, gibbus deformity. MRI: pyo...
Most common primary malignant tumor of bone (plasma cell dyscrasia). CRAB features: hyperCalcemia, Renal failure, Anemia, Bone lesions (lytic). X‑ray: punched‑out lytic l...
Malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin; >50 histological subtypes. Enneking staging: based on grade (low/high), compartment (intra/extra), metastasis (I–III). Presentatio...
Surgical emergency: cartilage can be destroyed within 24–48 hours; prompt drainage + antibiotics is critical. Children: hematogenous origin common; hip/knee frequent; Sta...
