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Tendon-to-bone fixation is the process of securely attaching a tendon or ligament graft to bone using devices such as bone tunnels, suture anchors, interference screws, cortical buttons, and suspensory fixation systems until biological heal...
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Expansile blood-filled benign tumor in children/young adults. Common sites: metaphysis of long bones, spine posterior elements. X-ray: blow-out lesion with thin shell, se...
Developmental fibro‑osseous lesion replacing normal bone with fibrous tissue. Types: monostotic (70%), polyostotic; associated with McCune–Albright (café‑au‑lait, endocri...
Biopsy should be performed only by definitive surgical team at referral center. Types: core needle (preferred), incisional, excisional. Incision along surgical approach,...
Follow ATLS with careful immobilization; CT is first‑line imaging for suspected injury. AO Subaxial classification guides stability and surgical approach; assess disco‑li...
Correct deformities in **CAVE** order: **C**avus → **A**dductus → **V**arus → **E**quinus. Use **Ponseti casting** with abduction and supination around talar head; avoid...
Autosomal dominant **FGFR3** mutation → rhizomelic limb shortening with normal trunk, macrocephaly. Neonates risk **foramen magnum stenosis** and central apnea; screen in...
Failure of mineralization at the growth plate → metaphyseal cupping, fraying, and splaying with genu varum/valgum. Differentiate **nutritional vitamin D deficiency** from...
High‑grade intramedullary osteosarcoma affects metaphyses of long bones in adolescents (distal femur, proximal tibia, proximal humerus). Workup: **X‑rays**, **MRI with co...
First‑time dislocation: non-op unless loose bodies/osteochondral fracture or gross instability. Recurrent instability → MPFL reconstruction; address bony factors (TT‑TG d...
Lenke classification guides fusion levels using curve type, lumbar modifier, and sagittal modifier. Bracing is effective in skeletally immature (Risser 0–2) with 25–40° c...
Scheuermann disease: rigid structural kyphosis with ≥3 adjacent vertebrae wedged ≥5° and Schmorl nodes. Post‑TB kyphosis is angular with short apex, often severe and prog...
SC joint dislocations: anterior (more common, often stable after reduction) vs posterior (rare but life‑threatening due to mediastinal compression). Posterior dislocation...
