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Tendon-to-bone fixation is the process of securely attaching a tendon or ligament graft to bone using devices such as bone tunnels, suture anchors, interference screws, cortical buttons, and suspensory fixation systems until biological heal...
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Most common malignant tumor of bone overall. Primary sources: breast, prostate, lung, kidney, thyroid. Lesions: breast (mixed), prostate (blastic), lung/kidney/thyroid (l...
PCL resists posterior tibial translation. Mechanism: dashboard injury, fall on flexed knee with foot plantarflexed. Clinical: posterior sag sign, posterior drawer test, q...
Meniscus vital for load transmission, shock absorption, joint stability. Repair preferred when possible (red-red, red-white tears, vertical longitudinal). Meniscectomy in...
Rotator cuff provides dynamic stability and elevation of shoulder. Tears: acute traumatic vs degenerative. Indications for repair: symptomatic full-thickness tear, acute...
Second most common primary malignant bone tumor in adults. Occurs age 40–70 yrs; M > F. Common sites: pelvis, femur, shoulder girdle, ribs. Variants: conventional, clear...
Enchondroma: intramedullary cartilage tumor, common in hand phalanges. Osteochondroma: cartilage-capped exophytic lesion from metaphysis. Syndromes: Ollier, Maffucci (enc...
Most common primary malignant bone tumor in adults (median age ~65 yrs). Neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells → monoclonal immunoglobulin production. Classical CRAB f...
Relapse often due to **brace non‑compliance**; dynamic supination is common in toddlers. Initial management is **re‑casting** following Ponseti principles; evaluate for r...
OI due to COL1A1/2 defects; **Sillence I–IV** (classic) with expanded types V–VII; severity ranges from mild to perinatal lethal. Clinical: **blue sclerae**, dentinogenes...
Gartland I–III (± IV for multidirectional instability). Complications to watch: **brachial artery injury**, **median/anterior interosseous nerve palsy**, **compartment sy...
Second most common malignant bone tumor in children/adolescents after osteosarcoma. Characterized by t(11;22) → EWS-FLI1 translocation. Common sites: diaphysis of long bo...
Early detection with Barlow/Ortolani; ultrasound (Graf) guides treatment under 6 months. Pavlik harness is first‑line for reducible dislocation under ~6 months; avoid exc...
