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Tendon-to-bone fixation is the process of securely attaching a tendon or ligament graft to bone using devices such as bone tunnels, suture anchors, interference screws, cortical buttons, and suspensory fixation systems until biological heal...
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Loder classification: **Stable** (able to walk, even with aids) vs **Unstable** (non‑ambulatory) — strongest predictor of AVN. Typical patient: obese adolescent (boys > g...
Idiopathic avascular necrosis of capital femoral epiphysis in 4–8‑year‑olds (boys > girls). Radiographic **Waldenström stages**: Initial, Fragmentation, Re‑ossification,...
Pathologic varus from disordered endochondral growth of medial proximal tibial physis; early walkers/obesity risk. **Langenskiöld stages I–VI** describe progressive physe...
Wiltse etiologic types: I dysplastic, II isthmic (IIA lytic, IIB elongated pars, IIC acute pars), III degenerative, IV traumatic (other than pars), V pathologic, VI iatro...
Causes: congenital anomalies (Down syndrome), os odontoideum, trauma, and rheumatoid arthritis with transverse ligament incompetence. Measure atlantodental interval (ADI)...
Degenerative stenosis from disc bulge, facet arthrosis, and ligamentum flavum hypertrophy causes neurogenic claudication. MRI confirms stenosis; correlate with walking to...
Assess stability and neurology with TLICS; Load Sharing Classification (McCormack) predicts need for anterior support. High load‑sharing score (≥7) → consider anterior co...
First-line treatment is ATT with rest and bracing per Tuli’s 'middle path'. Surgical indications: neurological deficit not improving, instability/deformity, large abscess...
Cobb angle measures curve magnitude; progression risk relates to age, Risser stage, menarchal status, and curve size. Bracing indicated for skeletally immature curves 25–...
Occurs in ages 3–6; risk of late valgus (Cozen phenomenon) due to asymmetric overgrowth. Usually metaphyseal greenstick/complete fractures from low‑energy mechanisms (tra...
Fix if fragment >25–30% of tibial plafond, >2 mm displacement, syndesmotic instability, or posterolateral fragment involving PITFL. CT-based morphology guides approach: p...
CSM is progressive spinal cord dysfunction due to degenerative stenosis (disc osteophyte complex, ligamentum flavum hypertrophy, OPLL). Symptoms: hand clumsiness, gait im...
