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Comprehensive guide to Kirschner wire (K-wire) principles in orthopaedic surgery covering wire properties and sizes, biomechanical principles of fixation, insertion techniques, clinical applications by region, tension band wiring principle,...
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Lateral deviation of great toe with medial eminence (bunion). Risk factors: female gender, footwear, ligamentous laxity, pes planus. Clinical: pain, callosities, overlapp...
Biopsy is critical for diagnosis but must follow strict oncological principles. Plan biopsy with final surgery in mind; incision should be longitudinal and in line with r...
Most common primary malignant bone tumor in adolescents (after myeloma overall). Sites: metaphysis of long bones—distal femur, proximal tibia, proximal humerus. X‑ray: su...
Second most common primary malignant bone tumor after osteosarcoma, usually >40 years. Common sites: pelvis, femur, humerus, ribs. Graded histologically (I–III); dediffer...
Benign osteoblastic tumor
Spectrum: cellulitis, abscess, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis. Principles: Early recognition, debridement, targeted antibiotics, stabilization, soft‑tissue cover. Diagno...
HIV patients prone to bacterial (Staph aureus), mycobacterial (TB), fungal infections. Salmonella is a classic cause of osteomyelitis in HIV, especially with sickle cell...
Colles: extra-articular, dorsal tilt; Smith: extra-articular, volar tilt; Barton: intra-articular rim fracture. Clinical deformities: dinner-fork (Colles), garden-spade (...
Most common carpal fracture, usually waist (70%). Blood supply retrograde to proximal pole → high risk of AVN. Clinical: anatomical snuffbox tenderness, pain on axial loa...
Neuropathic osteoarthropathy due to sensory/autonomic neuropathy—diabetes most common cause. Eichenholtz stages: I (fragmentation), II (coalescence), III (remodeling). Sa...
Enhanced recovery protocols (ERAS) enable same-day/next-day discharge in selected patients. Selection: ASA I–II, motivated, good support, no major comorbidities or bleedi...
T- or Y-shaped intra-articular fractures of the distal humerus. Most common in young adults (high energy) and elderly osteoporotic (low energy). Require anatomic articula...
