v4.1 Fusion X
Orthopaedic deformities may result from abnormalities of bone, joints, growth plates, muscles, tendons, ligaments or nerves and can be angular, rotational, translational or length-related. Common deformities include cubitus varus and valgus, claw hand, swan-neck and boutonnière deformities, genu varum and valgum, coxa vara, equinus, cavovarus, planovalgus, clubfoot, hallux valgus, scoliosis and post-traumatic malunion. Understanding the underlying patho-anatomy helps distinguish primary deformity from compensatory changes and dynamic muscle imbalance from established structural deformity. Clinical assessment should evaluate alignment, flexibility, rotation, limb length, neurological function and biomechanical consequences, supported by appropriate weight-bearing and alignment radiographs. Accurate anatomical analysis is the foundation for planning orthoses, soft-tissue procedures, corrective osteotomy or other reconstructive treatment.
A 10-year-old boy presents with a noticeable inward angulation of his forearm at the elbow. On examination, he has a history of repetitive elbow trauma from playing baseb...
Which of the following deformities is characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe with a prominence of the first metatarsal head?
A 15-year-old girl presents with a curvature of the spine. She has a noticeable shoulder asymmetry and a prominent scapula. What is the most appropriate initial imaging s...
In a patient with a fixed equinus deformity due to contracture of the Achilles tendon, which of the following surgical procedures is most commonly performed to correct th...
A 7-year-old presents with bowing of the legs, and radiographs reveal a widened growth plate. Which condition is most likely responsible for this deformity?
A patient presents with a foot deformity characterized by a high arch, supination, and adduction of the forefoot. What is the likely diagnosis?
What is the primary anatomical abnormality associated with genu valgum in children?
A 50-year-old woman presents with a swollen, painful finger at the PIP joint, which is hyperextended while the DIP joint is flexed. What is the most likely diagnosis?
In a patient with a history of cerebral palsy, which type of deformity is most likely to develop due to muscle imbalance?
What is the most common complication associated with untreated clubfoot deformity in children?