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Scoliosis — Cobb Angle & Surgical Indications

Cobb angle measures curve magnitude; progression risk relates to age, Risser stage, menarchal status, and curve size. Bracing indicated for skeletally immature curves 25–40° with documented progression; surgery typically considered for >45–50°. Pre‑op planning includes flexibility (bending) films, sagittal alignment, and neurologic monitoring readiness. Posterior spinal fusion with segmental pedicle screws is standard; anterior approaches reserved for specific curves. Pulmonary considerations cr...