Malunion and Nonunion — Biology & Management
Malunion = fracture healing in unacceptable position (angulation, rotation, shortening, translation). Nonunion = failure of fracture to heal in expected time (9 months with no signs of healing for 3 months). Biological vs mechanical causes; infection as a major impediment. Hypertrophic (good biology, poor mechanics) vs atrophic (poor biology) nonunion. Workup: history, exam, radiographs, lab workup for infection; advanced imaging if required. Management: restore stability and biology — fixation,...
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