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Pes planus (flatfoot) is a deformity characterized by loss or reduction of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot, resulting in hindfoot valgus, forefoot abduction, and altered biomechanics. It may be flexible or rigid, congenital or acquired, and can occur in both children and adults. Most pediatric flexible flatfeet are physiological and asymptomatic, whereas adult-acquired flatfoot is commonly associated with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD). Diagnosis is based on clinical examination, weight-bearing radiographs, and assessment of flexibility and associated deformities. Treatment ranges from reassurance and orthoses to tendon reconstruction, osteotomies, arthrodesis, or corrective surgery depending on severity and etiology.
A 5-year-old boy presents with flat feet, but he is asymptomatic and has a normal gait. Which of the following is the most appropriate management for this condition?
In adults, which of the following is the most common cause of acquired flatfoot?
A 35-year-old woman presents with medial ankle pain and flatfoot deformity. Examination reveals a collapsed medial arch and difficulty in heel-rise. What is the most like...
Which imaging modality is most useful for assessing the severity of flatfoot deformity and associated osseous changes?
What is the primary function of the posterior tibial tendon in relation to the medial longitudinal arch?
A 50-year-old male with diabetes presents with a rigid flatfoot deformity. Which of the following conditions is most likely associated with this presentation?
Which of the following statements about flexible flatfoot is TRUE?
A 28-year-old female presents with a history of progressive flatfoot. Physical examination reveals tenderness over the medial ankle and a positive single-leg heel-rise te...
The medial longitudinal arch is primarily supported by which of the following structures?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of rigid flatfoot?