BMJ open | 2021 | Kwan MY, Yick KL, Yip J, Tse CY
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[Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Competing interests: None declared. 12. Foot Ankle Clin. 2024 Dec;29(4):629-644. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2024.02.004. Epub 2024 Mar 19. Rheumatoid Deformities of the Lesser Toes. Mann TS(1), Nunes GA(2). Author information: (1)Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sao Paulo Federal University, São Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: tszejnfeld@gmail.com. (2)Clinica COTE, Brasília, Brazil. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by painful joint inflammation and causes destructive bone erosions. Most common deformities in the rheumatoid forefoot are hallux valgus and claw toes. Radiographs are helpful to show the deformity and the associated pathologies. Nonsurgical treatment is focused on pain reduction, function preservation, and prevention of further deformity, by relieving pressure and pain with shoe modification and use of insoles. Surgical procedures can address either soft tissue and bone deformities that can be performed by a percutaneous or open approach. Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2024.02.004
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