Fracture nonunion in long bones: A literature review of risk factors and surgical management.

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Abstract

[Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of Competing Interest There are no conflicts of interest to declare for any of the authors involved in this study. 5. Clin Sports Med. 2023 Oct;42(4):685-693. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2023.05.007. Epub 2023 Jun 26. Classification of Distal Clavicle Fractures and Indications for Conservative Treatment. Lian J(1), Chan FJ(1), Levy BJ(2). Author information: (1)Montefiore Einstein, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 1250 Waters Place, Tower 1, 11th Floor, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. (2)Montefiore Einstein, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 1250 Waters Place, Tower 1, 11th Floor, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. Electronic address: belevy@montefiore.org. Management of distal clavicle fractures depends on a clear understanding of the injury's proximity to the ligamentous attachments joining the clavicle and scapula. Various classification systems have been proposed to guide treatment. Despite this, controversy between operative and nonoperative management remains for certain fracture patterns. Patient-specific factors, concomitant injuries, fracture characteristics (displacement, shortening, and rotation) should all be considered when deciding on treatment. When nonoperative management is indicated, patients should be immobilized in a sling for 2 weeks, followed by gradual range of motion, and strengthening exercises. Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.csm.2023.05.007