Peering beneath the surface: juxtacortical tumors of bone (part II).

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Abstract

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 19. Exploration (Beijing). 2025 Dec 7;5(6):20240298. doi: 10.1002/EXP.20240298. eCollection 2025 Dec. Periosteum Organoid: Biomimetic Design Inspired From the Bone Healing Process. Hao S(1)(2)(3)(4), Wang F(1)(2), Huang J(5), Xia Z(6), Triffitt JT(7), Xu C(8), Bai L(1)(2)(9)(10), Su J(1)(2)(11). Author information: (1)Organoid Research Center Institute of Translational Medicine Shanghai University Shanghai China. (2)School of Medicine Shanghai University Shanghai China. (3)School of Life Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China. (4)School of Materials Science and Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu China. (5)Department of Orthopedics Shanghai Zhongye Hospital Shanghai China. (6)Centre For Nanohealth ILS2 Medical School Swansea University Swansea UK. (7)Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences The Oxford University Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences The Botnar Research Centre Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre Oxford UK. (8)Department of Biomedical Engineering City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China. (9)National Center for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) SHU Branch Shanghai University Shanghai China. (10)Wenzhou Institute of Shanghai University Wenzhou China. (11)Department of Orthopedics Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China. Large bone defects present major problems in plastic, maxillofacial, and orthopedic reconstructive surgery. With respect to osseous tissues, currently, autologous and allogeneic bone grafts are commonly used clinical treatments, but there are limitations in terms of donor availability, morbidity, and risk of immunogenic reactions. Tissue-engineered bone constructs offer promising alternatives but struggle to replicate the complex biological functions of native bone, leading to suboptimal outcomes. The periosteum has been shown to be a key factor in bone regeneration and has a bilayered structure that is essential for bone integrity and repair. However, large bone defects cause damage to the periosteum and weaken its regenerative capacity. Therefore, periosteum organoids have been developed with the help of new organoid technology to achieve accelerated bone regeneration. This technology incorporates a variety of natural/synthetic materials and biologically derived factors that can be endowed with key biological functions for bone regeneration, such as, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, neuromodulatory, angiogenic, and osteogenic capabilities. This review explores the structure and function of periosteum, the design and application of periosteum organoids and their potential integration with bone organoids. In addition, the recent advances and future directions for the use of such organoids in novel regenerative medicine and bone repair strategies are highlighted. © 2025 The Author(s). Exploration published by Henan University and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. DOI: 10.1002/EXP.20240298 PMCID: PMC12752617