Biomimetic scaffold design for functional and integrative tendon repair.

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Abstract

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 11. Front Physiol. 2021 Aug 24;12:691954. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.691954. eCollection 2021. Engineering Musculoskeletal Grafts for Multi-Tissue Unit Repair: Lessons From Developmental Biology and Wound Healing. Zhang X(1)(2), Wang D(1)(2)(3)(4), Mak KK(5), Tuan RS(1)(2), Ker DFE(1)(2)(3)(4). Author information: (1)Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China. (2)Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China. (3)Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China. (4)Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China. (5)Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health-Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China. In the musculoskeletal system, bone, tendon, and skeletal muscle integrate and act coordinately as a single multi-tissue unit to facilitate body movement. The development, integration, and maturation of these essential components and their response to injury are vital for conferring efficient locomotion. The highly integrated nature of these components is evident under disease conditions, where rotator cuff tears at the bone-tendon interface have been reported to be associated with distal pathological alterations such as skeletal muscle degeneration and bone loss. To successfully treat musculoskeletal injuries and diseases, it is important to gain deep understanding of the development, integration and maturation of these musculoskeletal tissues along with their interfaces as well as the impact of inflammation on musculoskeletal healing and graft integration. This review highlights the current knowledge of developmental biology and wound healing in the bone-tendon-muscle multi-tissue unit and perspectives of what can be learnt from these biological and pathological processes within the context of musculoskeletal tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Integrating these knowledge and perspectives can serve as guiding principles to inform the development and engineering of musculoskeletal grafts and other tissue engineering strategies to address challenging musculoskeletal injuries and diseases. Copyright © 2021 Zhang, Wang, Mak, Tuan and Ker. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.691954 PMCID: PMC8421786