[Corrective procedures and indications for cavovarus foot deformities in children and adolescents].

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Abstract

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 17. Pediatric Foot Alignment Deformities. Mousafeiris V(1), Dixon M(2), Thomas A(3). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–. 2026 Jun 17. Author information: (1)Medical School, University of Patras, Greece (2)Wellstar Kennestone Hospital (3)University of Mississippi Medical Center Overview of Pediatric Foot Alignment Deformities Pediatric foot alignment deformities encompass a wide range of entities, ranging from simple to complex. The deformities can present at birth or later in life and, in some cases, are diagnosed in utero. The parents seek medical care for their children with these conditions. The most common deformities are clubfoot, planovalgus foot, cavovarus foot, congenital vertical talus, congenital oblique talus, metatarsus adductus, and skew foot deformity. Clubfoot Clubfoot (talipes equinovarus) is a congenital idiopathic foot deformity. Clubfoot is one of the most common congenital foot deformities and can lead to severe disability if left untreated. The malformation consists of 4 components outlined with the mnemonic CAVE (Cavus, Adductus, Varus, Equinus). Clubfoot demonstrates excellent outcomes when treated early; the most commonly used management approach is the Ponseti method, which involves serial plaster casting followed by bracing. Planovalgus Pes planovalgus deformity (flatfoot deformity) is a relatively common orthopedic condition that usually presents in adolescence. This deformity is characterized by midfoot planus and hindfoot valgus deformity. The diagnosis is usually made clinically, although imaging can be pursued to exclude other coexisting conditions.  Cavovarus Pes cavovarus is a common orthopedic condition affecting children and adults. Cavovarus and cavus deformities are often used interchangeably, as the cavus foot most commonly presents with a varus hindfoot deformity. This condition is generally associated with neurological disorders and can occur after trauma. On physical examination, midfoot cavus (ie, foot arch higher than normal) and hindfoot varus are described. Diagnosis is mainly clinical; treatment options range from foot orthotics to surgical intervention. Congenital vertical talus Congenital vertical talus (CVT) is a rare congenital condition characterized by rigid dorsal talonavicular dislocation. Chromosomal or neuromuscular abnormalities are usually the cause. Patients with CVT present with rigid flatfoot deformity. If not treated early, CVT may lead to significant disability. Congenital oblique talus Congenital oblique talus (COT) is an uncommon pediatric foot deformity and should be distinguished from congenital vertical talus (rigid versus flexible), as they have the same clinical picture. COT may be considered a normal anatomic variant. Metatarsus adductus Metatarsus adductus is the most common congenital deformity of the foot in newborns and is present in 1 to 2 babies per 1000 births. This deformity is isolated to the forefoot and midfoot, with a medial deviation of the metatarsals at the Lisfranc joint. The exact etiology remains unknown; up to 90% of cases of fully flexible metatarsus adductus resolve spontaneously by 1 year of age. Skew foot Skewfoot is a rare pediatric foot deformity characterized by forefoot adduction, midfoot abduction, and hindfoot valgus deformity, forming a characteristic “z” appearance of the foot on radiographs in the anterior-posterior view. The etiology varies; congenital and acquired have been identified. Treatment is usually surgical. Copyright © 2026, StatPearls Publishing LLC.