Perceived Injustice After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

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Abstract

[Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. 12. Skeletal Radiol. 2026 Jan 19. doi: 10.1007/s00256-026-05124-3. Online ahead of print. Diagnosis and imaging assessment of partial anterior and posterior cruciate ligament tears. Dos Reis Morimoto L(1)(2), Filho AGO(1), Bordalo M(3), Bitar AC(4), D'Elia CO(4), Guimarães JB(5)(6)(7). Author information: (1)Department of Radiology, Fleury Group, São Paulo, Brazil. (2)Department of Radiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), R. Napoleão de Barros, 800 Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04024-000, Brazil. (3)Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar. (4)Department of Orthopedics, Instituto Vita/Fleury, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. (5)Department of Radiology, Fleury Group, São Paulo, Brazil. julio.brandaoguimaraes@ucsf.edu. (6)Department of Radiology, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), R. Napoleão de Barros, 800 Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04024-000, Brazil. julio.brandaoguimaraes@ucsf.edu. (7)Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. julio.brandaoguimaraes@ucsf.edu. Partial tears of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, accounting for a notable proportion of cruciate ligament injuries and carrying significant clinical implications. Diagnosis requires integration of clinical examination and imaging studies, although arthroscopy remains the reference standard. MRI findings in partial cruciate tears include focal fiber discontinuity and signal alteration without complete disruption. Complementary MRI techniques, such as oblique imaging planes, 3D isotropic acquisitions, and functional devices, can enhance diagnostic accuracy, although limitations persist. Radiographs remain important for excluding fractures and identifying associated injuries, with stress radiographs providing quantitative assessment of instability, despite variability in reproducibility and limited availability. Management strategies depend on whether the ligament is functional or nonfunctional. Conservative treatment with structured rehabilitation may be considered in stable patients, but progression to complete rupture can occur, particularly in young and athletic patients. Surgical treatment is recommended for nonfunctional tears, with standard ACL or PCL reconstruction still preferred over selective bundle reconstruction due to stronger evidence and more consistent outcomes. Associated injuries-including meniscal tears, chondral defects, collateral ligament sprains, and bone contusions-must be carefully evaluated and reported, as they influence prognosis and therapeutic planning. Radiologists play a central role in recognizing partial cruciate ligament tears, interpreting subtle findings, and recommending complementary imaging when appropriate. KEY POINTS: • Partial ACL and PCL tears constitute a significant subset of ligament injuries and are clinically relevant, requiring integration of clinical, imaging, and arthroscopic findings for accurate diagnosis. • Dynamic assessment techniques, including stress radiography and MRI adjunctive tools, provide objective measures of instability, although their accuracy and clinical applicability remain limited. • Complementary MRI techniques, including oblique and 3D isotropic sequences, can improve detection of partial cruciate ligament injuries. © 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to International Skeletal Society (ISS). DOI: 10.1007/s00256-026-05124-3