The progress in the classification and treatment of scaphoid nonunion.

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Abstract

[Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. 13. Hand Clin. 2023 Aug;39(3):265-277. doi: 10.1016/j.hcl.2023.02.003. Epub 2023 Mar 15. Scaphoid and Carpal Bone Fracture: The Difficult Cases and Approach to Management. Bhashyam AR(1), Mudgal C(2). Author information: (1)Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hand & Arm Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: abhashyam@partners.org. (2)Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hand & Arm Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Scaphoid and carpal bone fractures are challenging injuries to manage and have significant functional implications. Prompt diagnosis is important and relies on systematic evaluation via history, examination, and imaging. Cross-sectional imaging is often helpful for diagnosis and treatment planning. Treatment for nondisplaced fractures is often closed but these injuries typically require prolonged immobilization and may still result in nonunion or avascular necrosis. Displaced carpal bone fractures, and those associated with carpal instability, typically require open reduction internal fixation. Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2023.02.003