Growth disturbance following metaphyseal bending fractures of the proximal tibia--an experimental study in the mini pig.

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Abstract

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 8. Pediatr Radiol. 2025 Dec;55(13):2752-2762. doi: 10.1007/s00247-025-06398-w. Epub 2025 Oct 1. Can metaphyseal variations in the distal femurs and proximal tibias be distinguished from classic metaphyseal lesions? Karmazyn B(1), Newman CL(2), Marine MB(2), Wanner MR(2), Shields JR(2), Delaney LR(2), Steenburg SD(3), Boutselis AG(4), Cuskaden JH(3), Westin ED(3), Luoma MJ(5), Jennings SG(3), Eckert GJ(6), Hicks RA(5). Author information: (1)Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States. Bkarmazy@iu.edu. (2)Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States. (3)Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States. (4)Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, United States. (5)Department of Pediatrics, Section of Child Protection Programs, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, United States. (6)Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Science, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, United States. BACKGROUND: Classic metaphyseal lesions (CMLs) are considered specific for child abuse, but the reliability of radiologists in distinguishing CMLs from metaphyseal variations is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of pediatric and adult emergency radiologists in differentiating CMLs from metaphyseal variations in the knees. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed distal femur and proximal tibia radiographs in children under 1 year of age who underwent skeletal surveys for suspected child abuse. A consensus diagnosis for CMLs and metaphyseal variations-serving as the ground truth-was established by two pediatric radiologists. The CML group comprised children diagnosed with abuse and confirmed CMLs. The metaphyseal variation group included children not diagnosed with abuse, who exhibited metaphyseal variations and had either no fractures or only an isolated skull fracture. Radiographs were trimmed to exclude other injuries. Four pediatric and four adult radiologists reviewed anonymized studies and categorized each case as CML, metaphyseal variation, normal, or indeterminate, with confidence levels (high, moderate, low). We analyzed diagnoses with moderate or high confidence. Interobserver agreement was assessed using kappa statistics. RESULTS: There were 44 children with CMLs (10 initial, 7 follow-up, 27 initial and follow-up) and 22 with metaphyseal variations (10 initial, 7 follow-up, 5 initial and follow-up). Metaphyseal fragmentation was the most common variation, identified in 249 of 344 femurs (72.4%, 95% CI 67.3-77.0%) and 60 of 69 tibias (87.0%, 76.7-93.9%). Fragmentations were most frequently located in the posterior or medial metaphysis, or both, in 238 of 249 femurs (95.6%, 92.2-97.8%) and 60 of 69 tibias (87.0%, 76.7-93.9%). In the CML group, 33 of 114 initial CML diagnoses (28.9%, 20.8-38.2%) were read on follow-up as either metaphyseal variation (n = 17) or normal (n = 16). In contrast, in the metaphyseal variation group, only one follow-up case was diagnosed as a CML; the remainder were diagnosed on follow-up as metaphyseal variation (n = 24). Diagnostic performance for CML demonstrated high specificity (90.9%, 85.6-94.7%) and positive predictive value (95.6%, 93.0-97.5%), with moderate accuracy (79.3%, 75.9-82.4%), sensitivity (74.9%, 70.8-78.8%), and negative predictive value (57.6%, 51.5-63.5%). Interobserver agreement was substantial, with a mean kappa of 0.61 (range 0.45-0.84). CONCLUSION: Radiologists demonstrated substantial agreement and high specificity in distinguishing CMLs from metaphyseal variations. Metaphyseal fragmentation was the most common variation and was uncommonly diagnosed as CML on follow-up. © 2025. The Author(s). DOI: 10.1007/s00247-025-06398-w PMCID: PMC12708683