Frozen Shoulder(Archived).

Journal and index pages often block iframe embedding. This reader keeps the evidence details in Orthonotes and leaves the source page one click away.

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement: Disclosure: Kamal Mezian declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. Disclosure: Ryan Coffey declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. Disclosure: Ke-Vin Chang declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. 15. Pain Manag. 2026 May;16(5):487-506. doi: 10.1080/17581869.2026.2636725. Epub 2026 Mar 5. Beyond the capsule: an integrated perspective on the wide world of frozen shoulder. A collaborative viewpoint. Brindisino F(1), Mertens MG(2)(3)(4), Salamh P(5)(6), Navarro Ledesma S(7), Hamed Hamed D(7), Struyf F(2), Vanhoenacker F(8), Policastro PO(9), Camargo PR(9), Rossettini G(10)(11). Author information: (1)Department of Medicine and Health Science "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy. (2)Research Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium. (3)CarEdOn Research Group, Belgium. (4)Pain in Motion (PiM) International Research Consortium. (5)Krannert School of Physical Therapy, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN. (6)Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, MA. (7)Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Campus of Melilla, University of Granada, Melilla, Spain. (8)AZ Sint‑Maarten, Mechelen, and University (Hospital), Antwerp/Ghent, Belgium. (9)Laboratory of Analysis and Intervention of the Shoulder Complex, Department of Physical Therapy, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil. (10)School of Physiotherapy, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. (11)Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odon, Spain. BACKGROUND: Frozen Shoulder (FS) is a highly disabling glenohumeral condition marked by severe pain and restricted active and passive motion, typically without significant radiological changes. While conventionally viewed as a self-limiting and idiopathic disorder, recovery is often incomplete, suggesting that peripheral-only interventions are insufficient. OBJECTIVE: This manuscript reviews the contemporary understanding of FS etiopathogenesis, clarifying the underlying pain processing mechanisms, metabolic patterns, and psychological domains. Evidence about diagnostic tests and imaging for FS, and updated treatment strategies were also discussed. KEY FINDINGS: The latest evidence suggests FS is the musculoskeletal manifestation of systemic metabolic, inflammatory, and neuroendocrine dysregulation. Pain mechanisms extend beyond the periphery, showing links to sensitization and possible central involvement, though further clarity is needed. Moreover, FS significantly impacts mood, beliefs, and social well-being. Imaging remains a tool for diagnosis and differential ruling, and treatment should be "tailorized" from biopsychosocial perspective. Individualization involves the understanding of the individual's personal history, clinical characteristics, context, and goals in combination with tissue irritability. CONCLUSION: Clinicians must move beyond solely addressing FS as a "local" pathology. Modern research indicates that FS is a complex pathology involving an inflammatory phase followed by a fibrotic shift, fueled by metabolic, inflammatory, neuroendocrine, and psychological factors. Plain Language Summary: The Problem. FrozenShoulder (FS) is a painful condition that makes moving the arm very difficult. For a long time, it was viewed simply as a shoulder joint problem that would eventually heal on its own. However, many peopledo not make a full recovery, and treatments that focus only on the shoulder often fall short.What We Did. We reviewedthe latest research to better understand what causes this conditionand the best ways to diagnose and treat it. We looked beyond the joint itself, examining how metabolism, the immune system, nerves, and psychology all play a role.What We Found. Modern research shows that FS is not just a “local” problem. Instead, it is the result of imbalances involving the entire body, including general inflammation, metabolism, and the hormonal system. Furthermore, we found that:– Pain is not just in the shoulder tissues; it is also linked to how the brain and nerves process pain signals.– A patient’s mood, beliefs, and social well-being significantly affect their recovery.– While scans and imaging are helpful, they do not tell the whole story.– Treatment must be “tailored” to the individual.Why This Matters. Clinicians must stop treating FS as just a shoulder injury. Treatment should be personalized, taking into account the patient’s personal history, emotions, and specific stage of the disease (whether they are in the inflammatory or stiff phase). To effectively treat a “frozen”shoulder, we must look at the whole person—body and mind. DOI: 10.1080/17581869.2026.2636725 PMCID: PMC13154967