A new perspective of frozen shoulder pathology; the interplay between the brain and the immune system.

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Abstract

Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 12. Arthroscopy. 2008 Aug;24(8):949-55. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2008.03.014. Epub 2008 May 19. Shoulder stiffness. Tauro JC(1), Paulson M. Author information: (1)Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA. drnuke1@comcast.net Shoulder stiffness is commonly encountered in clinical practice but varies greatly in severity and etiology. Loss of shoulder range of motion can be a patient's primary complaint or may be a secondary finding. Possible causes of stiffness include guarding due to pain or secondary gain issues (nonanatomic), true mechanical blockage due to acute or chronic trauma, adhesive capsulitis, rotator cuff disease, or surgery on or near the shoulder. This review includes a more detailed discussion of these causes as well as the appropriate history and physical and diagnostic testing recommended for each. Finally, treatment strategies for each group of patients will be presented. DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2008.03.014