The pathophysiology of hypophosphatemia.

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Abstract

[Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of Competing Interest N.I. receives research support from Kyowa Kirin co. ltd. The other authors (N.H., H.K.) have nothing to disclose. 2. Endocr Rev. 2019 Aug 1;40(4):1109-1151. doi: 10.1210/er.2018-00126. Skeletal and Extraskeletal Actions of Vitamin D: Current Evidence and Outstanding Questions. Bouillon R(1), Marcocci C(2), Carmeliet G(1), Bikle D(3), White JH(4), Dawson-Hughes B(5), Lips P(6), Munns CF(7)(8), Lazaretti-Castro M(9), Giustina A(10), Bilezikian J(11). Author information: (1)Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Belgium. (2)Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. (3)Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California. (4)Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (5)Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts. (6)Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Section, VU University Medical Center, HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. (7)Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. (8)Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. (9)Division of Endocrinology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. (10)Chair of Endocrinology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. (11)Department of Endocrinology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York. The etiology of endemic rickets was discovered a century ago. Vitamin D is the precursor of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and other metabolites, including 1,25(OH)2D, the ligand for the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The effects of the vitamin D endocrine system on bone and its growth plate are primarily indirect and mediated by its effect on intestinal calcium transport and serum calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Rickets and osteomalacia can be prevented by daily supplements of 400 IU of vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D