Shoulder Stiffness: Current Concepts and Concerns.

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Abstract

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 3. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2022 Mar 1;30(1):29-41. doi: 10.1097/JSA.0000000000000324. Arthrofibrosis Nightmares: Prevention and Management Strategies. Lee DR(1), Therrien E, Song BM, Camp CL, Krych AJ, Stuart MJ, Abdel MP, Levy BA. Author information: (1)Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Arthrofibrosis (AF) is an exaggerated immune response to a proinflammatory insult leading to pathologic periarticular fibrosis and symptomatic joint stiffness. The knee, elbow, and shoulder are particularly susceptible to AF, often in the setting of trauma, surgery, or adhesive capsulitis. Prevention through early physiotherapeutic interventions and anti-inflammatory medications remain fundamental to avoiding motion loss. Reliable nonoperative modalities exist and outcomes are improved when etiology, joint involved, and level of dysfunction are considered in the clinical decision making process. Surgical procedures should be reserved for cases recalcitrant to nonoperative measures. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current understanding of AF pathophysiology, identify common risk factors, describe prevention strategies, and outline both nonoperative and surgical treatment options. This manuscript will focus specifically on sterile AF of the knee, elbow, and shoulder. Copyright © 2022 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1097/JSA.0000000000000324 PMCID: PMC8830598