Effect of Core Muscle Strengthening in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) in Females: A Randomized Controlled Trial

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Abstract

Background: Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) is a common musculoskeletal disorder characterized by anterior knee pain and functional impairment, particularly among young females. Emerging evidence suggests that proximal muscle weakness, especially of the core musculature, may contribute to altered lower-extremity biomechanics and increased patellofemoral joint stress.Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of core muscle strengthening combined with conventional physiotherapy in reducing pain and improving functional ability and core endurance in females with PFPS.Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted involving 40 females diagnosed with PFPS aged 18–35 years. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups. The experimental group (n=20) received core strengthening exercises in addition to conventional physiotherapy, whereas the control group (n=20) received conventional physiotherapy alone. Both groups underwent intervention for six weeks, five sessions per week. Outcome measures included Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Kujala Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS), Plank Endurance Test, Side Bridge Test, and Single-Leg Stance Test. Statistical analysis was performed using paired and independent t-tests with significance set at p < 0.05.Results: Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in pain, functional ability, and core endurance following treatment (p < 0.05). However, the experimental group showed significantly greater improvement in NPRS scores, AKPS scores, and core endurance outcomes compared to the control group (p < 0.05).Conclusion: The addition of core muscle strengthening exercises to conventional physiotherapy is more effective than conventional physiotherapy alone in reducing pain and improving functional ability and core endurance in females with PFPS. Core stabilization exercises should be considered an integral component of PFPS rehabilitation.