The Heel Complex: Anatomy, Imaging, Pathologic Conditions, and Treatment.

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Abstract

[Indexed for MEDLINE] 4. Achilles Tendinopathy. Medina Pabón MA(1), Naqvi U(2). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026 Jan–. 2023 Aug 17. Author information: (1)University Industrial Santander / University CES (2)Univ. of Miami/Jackson Health System The Achilles tendon, also known as the triceps surae, ranks as the strongest and largest tendon in the human body. This tendon connects the aponeuroses of the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris muscles to the calcaneus bone. A sheath-like structure comprised of a single layer of cells surrounds the tendon; this is not a true synovial sheath but rather a “fake sheath” called paratenon. The paratenon supplies a significant portion of the blood supply to the tendon.  Studies have identified a hypovascular area susceptible to injury, located approximately 2 to 6 cm proximal to calcaneal insertion. The Achilles tendon is essential for enabling calf muscles to exert force on the heel, which is necessary for walking or running. Various factors can contribute to Achilles tendon injuries, with specific locations being more commonly affected. This activity explores insertional and non-insertional tendonitis, paratenonitis, and tendon rupture.  Copyright © 2026, StatPearls Publishing LLC.