Degenerative osteoarthritis of the 1st MTP joint causing dorsal osteophytes, stiffness, and pain—especially with push‑off. Coughlin–Shurnas clinical–r...
Gold standard for young active patients with ACL-deficient knee. Grafts: Bone–Patellar Tendon–Bone (BTB), Hamstring (STG), Quadriceps tendon, Allograf...
Recurrent instability may follow failed Bankart repair. Causes: capsulolabral failure, glenoid bone loss, engaging Hill-Sachs. Workup: MRI, CT for bon...
First‑time dislocation: non-op unless loose bodies/osteochondral fracture or gross instability. Recurrent instability → MPFL reconstruction; address b...
Red‑red (peripheral) zone heals best; red‑white intermediate; white‑white avascular. Vertical longitudinal (bucket handle) tears in young → repair; co...
